Notes

1 Distler JW. Critical thinking and clinical competence: results of the implementation of student-centered teaching strategies in an advanced practice new curriculum. Nurse Educ in Practice 2007; 7: 53-9.

2 Institute of Medicine, Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the quality chasm: a new health care system for the 21st century. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001.

3 Halpern DF. Teaching critical thinking for transfer across domains. Am Psychologist 1998; 53: 449-455.

4 Zull JE. The art of changing the brain. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC; 2002.

5 Moore TS. Implementation of problem-based learning in a baccalaureate dental hygiene program. J Dent Educ 2007; 71: 1058-69.

6 Thammasitboon K, Sukotjo C, Howell H, Karimbux N. Problem-based learning at the Harvard school of dental medicine: self-assessment of performance in postdoctoral training. J Dent Educ 2007; 71: 1080-1089.

7 Hansten RI, Washburn MJ. Facilitating critical thinking. Journal of Nurses in Staff Development 2000; 16: 23-30.

8 Behar-Horenstein LS, Schneider-Mitchell GS, Graff R. Faculty perceptions of a professional development seminar. J Dent Educ 2008; 72: 472-483.

9 Behar-Horenstein LS, Mitchell GS, Dolan T. A case study examining instructional practices at a US dental school. J Dent Educ 2005; 69: 639-648.

10 Behar-Horenstein LS, Mitchell GS, Dolan T. A case study examining instructional practices at a U.S. dental school. J Dent Educ 2000; 64: 610-615.

11 Facione P. Critical thinking: a statement of expert consensus for purposes of educational assessment and instruction. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press 1990: 2.

12 Simpson E, Courtney M. Critical thinking in nursing education: literature review. Intern J of Nursing Practice 2002; 8: 89-98.

13 Banning M. Measures that can be used to instill critical thinking in nurse prescribers. Nurse Educ in Practice 2006; 6: 98-105.

14 Brookfield S. Developing critical thinkers: Challenging adults to explore alternative ways of thinking and acting. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 1987.

15 Ornstein AC, Hunkins FP. Curriculum: foundations, principles, and issues. 4th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 1998.

16 Sternberg RJ. Thinking styles: Keys to understanding performance. Phi Delta Kappan 1990; 71: 366-371.

17 Sternberg RJ, Torff B, Grigorenko E. Teaching triarchically improves student achievement. J of Educ Psych 1998; 90: 374-384.

18 Lipman M. Critical thinking: What can it be? Educ Leadership 1988; 46: 38-43.

19 Ennis RH. Critical thinking and subject specificity: clarification and needed research. Educ Researcher 1989; 18: 4-10.

20 Sternberg RJ, Torff B, Grigorenko E. Teaching triarchically improves student achievement. J of Educ Psych 1998; 90: 374-384.

21 Sternberg RJ. Thinking styles: Keys to understanding performance. Phi Delta Kappan 1990; 71: 366-371.

22 Lipman M. Critical thinking: What can it be? Educ Leadership 1988; 46: 38-43.

23 Ennis RH. Critical thinking and subject specificity: clarification and needed research. Educ Researcher 1989; 18: 4-10.

24 Halpern DF. Assessing the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. J of Gen Educ 2001; 50: 270-287.

25 Nay MA. A process approach to teaching science. Science Educ 1971; 55: 197-207.

26 Lipman M. Promoting better classroom teaching. Educ Psych 1993; 13: 291-304.

27 Lord TR. Comparisons between traditional and constructivist teaching in college biology. Innovative Higher Education 1997; 21: 197-216.

28 Ibid.

29 Flannelly L, Inouye J. Inquiry-based learning and critical thinking in an advanced practice psychiatric nursing practice Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 1998; 12: 169-75.

30 Weerts S. Use of films to treat critical thinking. J of Nutrition Educ and Beh 2005; 37: 100-101.

31 Ibid.

32 Hendricson WD, Andrieu SC, Chadwick DG, Chmar JE, Cole JR, et al. Educational strategies associated with development of problem-solving, critical thinking, and selfdirected learning. J Dent Educ 2006; 70: 925-36.

33 Van Gelder T. Teaching critical thinking: some lessons from cognitive science. College Teaching 2005; 53: 41-46.

34 Shermer M. Why people believe weird things: pseudoscience, superstition, and other confusions of our time. New York: WH Freeman and Company; 2002.

35 Kuhn D. A developmental model of critical thinking. Educ Researcher 1999; 28: 16-26.

36 Ibid.

37 Van Gelder T. Teaching critical thinking: some lessons from cognitive science. College Teaching 2005; 53: 41-46.

38 Lee JE, Ryan-Wenger N. The "think aloud" seminar for teaching clinical reasoning: A case study of a child with pharyngitis. J of Ped Health Care 1997; 11: 101-10.

39 Wong TK, Chung JWY. Diagnostic reasoning processes using patient simulation in different learning environments. J of Clinical Nursing 2002; 11: 65-72.

40 Facione PA, Facione NC, Giancarlo CA. The disposition toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic 2000; 20: 61-84.

41 Facione NC, Facione PA. Assessment design issues for evaluating critical thinking in nursing. Holistic Nurse Practitioner 1996; 10: 41-53.

42 Engel SM. With good reason: An introduction to informal fallacies. New York: St. Martin's; 1986.

43 Lunenberg FC, Ornstein AC. Educational administration: Concepts and practices. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole; 2008.

44 Ibid.

45 Zull JE. Key aspects of how the brain learns. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Educ 2006; 110: 3-9.

46 Ibid.

47 Zull JE. The art of changing the brain. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing, LLC; 2002.

48 Zull JE. Key aspects of how the brain learns. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Educ 2006; 110: 3-9.

49 Boyd LD. Reflections on clinical practice by first-year dental students: A qualitative study. J Dent Educ 2002; 66: 710-20.

50 Solon T. Generic critical thinking infusion and course content learning in introductory psychology. J of Instructional Psych 2007; 34: 95-109.

51 Van Gelder T. Learning to reason: A reason-able approach. In: Davis C, Gelder TJ, and Wales R (eds.). Cognitive science in Australia, 2000: Proceedings of the fifth Australian cognitive science society conference. Adelaide, Australia: Causal.

52 Ibid.

53 Allegretti CL, Frederick JN. A model for thinking critically about ethical issues. Teaching of Psych 1995; 22: 46-48.

54 Solon T. Teaching critical thinking: The more, the better! The Community College Enterprise; 2003; 9: 25-38.

55 Solon T. Improving critical thinking in an introductory psychology course. Michigan Community College Journal: Research and Practice 2007; 7: 73-80.

56 Ibid.

57 Collins KM, Onwuegbuzie AJ. Relationship between critical thinking and performance in research methodology courses. Bowling Green, KY: Mid-South Educational Research Association; 2000.

58 Onwuegbuzie AJ. Critical thinking: A comparison of doctoral and master's level students. College Student Journal 2001; 35: 377-381.

59 Revised Bloom's taxonomy of cognitive levels. Available at: http://social.chass.ncsu.edu/slatta/hi216/learning/bloom.htm. Accessed September 19, 2007.

60 Paul RW, Elder L. Critical thinking: Implications of Instruction of the Stage Theory. J of Dev Educ 1997; 20: 340-350.

61 Rauen CA. Using simulation to teach critical thinking skills: You can't just throw the book at them. Critical Care Nurs Clin North Am 2001; 13: 93-103.

62 Hendricson WD, Andrieu SC, Chadwick DG, Chmar JE, Cole JR, et al. Educational strategies associated with development of problem-solving, critical thinking, and selfdirected learning. J Dent Educ 2006; 70: 925-36.

63 Rauen CA. Using simulation to teach critical thinking skills: You can't just throw the book at them. Critical Care Nurs Clin North Am 2001; 13: 93-103.

64 Blumberg P. Evaluating the evidence that problem-based learners are self-directed learners: A review of the literature. In: Problem-Based Learning: A Research Perspective on Learning Interactions;. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2000; 199-226.

65 Tanner CA. Research on clinical judgment. In: Holzemer WL, ed. Rev of Research in Nursing Educ. Thorofare, NJ: Slack; 1986.

66 Moore TS. Implementation of problem-based learning in a baccalaureate dental hygiene program. J Dent Educ 2007; 71: 1058-69.

67 Hansten RI, Washburn MJ. Facilitating critical thinking. Journal of Nurses in Staff Development 2000; 16: 23-30.

68 Creswell, JW. Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall, 2007.

69 Ibid.

70 Gazella BM, Hogan L, Masten W, Stacks J, Stephens R, Zascavage V. Reliability and validity of the Watson-Glaser critical thinking appraisal forms for different academic groups. J of instructional psych 2006; 33(2): 141-43.

71 Ibid.

72 Ennis RH, Millman J, Tomko, TN. Cornell Critical Thinking Tests Level X and level Z Manual. 5th ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Midwest Publications. 1985.

73 Linn RL. Ability testing: individual differences, prediction and differential prediction. In KA Wigdor, WR Garner (eds.), Ability Testing. Uses, consequences, and controversies (Part II: Documentation section). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. 1982; 355-88.

74 Facione NC, Facione PA. Critical Thinking Assessment in Nursing Education Programs: An Aggregate Data Analysis. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press, 1997.

75 Facione PA, Facione NC, Giancarlo CA. The California Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory Test Manual. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press, 1992.

76 Tiwari A, Lai P, So M, Yuen K. A comparison of the effects of problem-based learning and lecturing on the development of students' critical thinking. Med Educ 2006; 40(6): 547-54.

77 Facione PA, Facione NC, Giancarlo CA. The disposition toward critical thinking: Its character, measurement, and relationship to critical thinking skill. Informal Logic 2000; 20(1): 61-84.

78 Facione NC, Facione PA. The Health Sciences Reasoning Test (HSRT) Test Manual. Millbrae, CA: Insight Assessment, 2006.

79 Ibid.

80 Facione PA, Facione NC. Holistic Critical Thinking Score Rubric. Millbrae, CA: The California Academic Press. 1994. Accessed July 7, 2008, at http://www.insightassessment.com/hctsr.html.

81 Facione NC. Critical thinking as a reasoned judgment. The Album. Millbrae, CA: Insight Assessment and The California Academic Press, 2002.

82 Dexter P, Applegate M, Backer J, Clayton K, Keffer J, Norton B, Ross B. A proposed framework for teaching and evaluating critical thinking in nursing. J of Prof Nursing 1997; 13(3): 160-167.

83 Ennis RH. Teaching for higher order thinking. Theory into Practice 1993; 32 (3): 181.

84 Williams KB, Schmidt C, Tilliss TSI, Wilkins K, Glasnapp DR. Predictive validity of critical thinking skills and disposition for the national board dental hygiene examination: a preliminary investigation. J Dent Educ 2006: 70(5): 536-544.

85 Ibid.

86 Ten Dam G, Volman M. Critical thinking as a citizenship competence: teaching strategies. Learning and Instruction 2004; 14: 359-79.

87 Paul RW. Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking; 1992.

88 Lipman M. Critical thinking: What can it be? Educ Leadership 1988; 46: 38-43.

89 Paul RW. Critical thinking: What every person needs to survive in a rapidly changing world. Santa Rosa, CA: Foundation for Critical Thinking; 1992.

90 Halpern DF. Assessing the effectiveness of critical thinking instruction. J of Gen Educ 2001; 50: 270-287.

91 Brown AL. Transforming schools into communities of thinking and learning about serious matters. Am Psychologist 1997; 52: 399-413.

92 ADEA CODA Task Force. Accreditation Standards for Dental Education Programs. Washington, DC: American Dental Education Association; November 17 2007.

93 Zimmerman, BJ. Becoming a self-regulated learner. Theory into Practice 2002: 41: 93-101.

94 Facione NC. Critical thinking as a reasoned judgment. The Album. Miilbrae, CA: Insight Assessment and The California Academic Press, 2002.

95 Prentice ED, Metcalf WK , Sharp JG, Hard WL. Training teachers in the anatomical sciences. J of Med Educ 1976; 51(12): 1006-09.

96 Solon T. Generic critical thinking infusion and course content learning in introductory psychology. J of Instructional Psych 2007; 34: 95-109.